![]() The gut microbiota seems to play a role in the development and progression of obesity. 24 Indolepropionic acid is highly correlated with dietary fibre intake 25 and has potent radical scavenging activity in vitro, 26 which seems to reduce the risk of incidence of type 2 diabetes. Trimethylamine is oxidised in the liver to trimethylamine N-oxide, which is positively associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and major adverse cardiovascular events. The production of trimethylamine from dietary phosphatidylcholine and carnitine (from meat and dairy) depends on the gut microbiota and thus its amount in blood varies between people. Examples include trimethylamine and indolepropionic acid. Other specific products of the gut microbiota have been implicated directly in human health outcomes. 21 Gut microbial enzymes contribute to bile acid metabolism, generating unconjugated and secondary bile acids that act as signalling molecules and metabolic regulators to influence important host pathways. 22 Butyrate and propionate, but not acetate, seem to control gut hormones and reduce appetite and food intake in mice. 20 Randomised controlled trials have shown that higher production of SCFAs correlates with lower diet-induced obesity 21 and with reduced insulin resistance. Propionate is transferred to the liver, where it regulates gluconeogenesis and satiety signalling through interaction with the gut fatty acid receptors 18 Acetate-the most abundant SCFA and an essential metabolite for the growth of other bacteria-reaches the peripheral tissues where it is used in cholesterol metabolism and lipogenesis, and may play a role in central appetite regulation. 18 Butyrate is essential for epithelial cells to consume large amounts of oxygen through β oxidation, generating a state of hypoxia that maintains oxygen balance in the gut, preventing gut microbiota dysbiosis. 17 The major SCFAs produced are acetate, propionate, and butyrate.īutyrate is the main energy source for human colonocytes, can induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells, and can activate intestinal gluconeogenesis, having beneficial effects on glucose and energy homeostasis. ![]() This fermentation supports the growth of specialist microbes that produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and gases. The gut microbiota provides essential capacities for the fermentation of non-digestible substrates like dietary fibres and endogenous intestinal mucus. Short chain fatty acids-fatty acids with two to six carbon atoms that are produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibres Germ-free animals-animals that have no micro-organisms living in or on them DNA sequences can be clustered according to their similarity to one another, and operational taxonomic units are defined based on the similarity threshold (usually 97% similarity) set by the researcherĬolonocytes-epithelial cells of the colon ![]() Operational taxonomic unit-a definition used to classify groups of closely related organisms. Lower diversity is considered a marker of dysbiosis (microbial imbalance) in the gut and has been found in autoimmune diseases and obesity and cardiometabolic conditions, as well as in elderly people Microbiota diversity-a measure of how many different species and, dependent on the diversity indices, how evenly distributed they are in the community. Microbiota-the community of micro-organisms themselves Microbiome-the collective genomes of the micro-organisms in a particular environment
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